Which effect can chloride exposure have on concrete?

Chloride exposure can significantly impact the durability of concrete, primarily due to its ability to initiate corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement. When chloride ions penetrate concrete, they disrupt the protective oxide layer that forms on the surface of steel reinforcements. This disruption can lead to electrochemical reactions, resulting in corrosion. As the steel corrodes, it expands, which creates internal pressure in the surrounding concrete. This pressure can lead to cracking, spalling, and ultimately compromise the structural integrity of the concrete element. This corrosion process highlights the importance of using protective measures, such as corrosion-resistant reinforcement or appropriate concrete mixes, especially in environments where chlorides are present, such as in marine settings or areas treated with de-icing salts.